This is Calvinball jurisprudence with a twist,” Justice Jackson said in dissent. “Calvinball has only one rule: There are no fixed rules. We seem to have two: that one, and this administration always wins.

The plaintiffs, including states and public-health advocacy groups, have argued that the cuts will inflict “incalculable losses in public health and human life.”

The Trump administration said the research was unscientific and went against efforts to end initiatives related to diversity, equity and inclusion.